MODAUX ET FORMES DE SUBSTITUTION

POSSIBILITE / CAPACITE physique, matérielle, intellectuelle	CAN (Présent) + Verbe d'action COULD (Passé) (en général)	I can lend you $5. I can swim. I could often jog last year.
Forme de substitution :	BE ABLE (TO)	He will be able to do it.
IMPOSSIBILITE / INCAPACITE physique, matérielle, intellectuelle	CAN'T (Présent) + Verbe d'action COULDN'T (Passé) (en général)	I can't hear you. I couldn't find my keys.
Forme de substitution :	NOT TO BE ABLE TO	He wasn't able to find his key.
OBLIGATION	MUST (Présent)	I must stay with my mother
Forme de substitution :	HAVE (TO) HAVE GOT (TO) (Présent) BE (TO) BE SUPPOSED (TO)	I will have to stay with my mother. I've got to find it now ! You were not to tell anyone ! We were supposed to behave ourselves.
ABSENCE D'OBLIGATION	NOT TO HAVE TO NEEDN'T	You don't have to go to school. You needn't worry, they will come.
AUTORISATION / PERMISSION Habituelle : Officielle :	CAN (Présent) COULD (Passé) MAY (Présent) MIGHT (Passé)	Can I use your phone? I told him he could borrow my car. Visitors may take photos. He said visitors might take photos.
Forme de substitution :	BE ALLOWED (TO)	They will be allowed to take photos.
INTERDICTION	MUSTN'T (Présent) CAN'T (Présent) MAY NOT (Présent)	You mustn't be late. You can't go out tonight ! You may not speak to strangers !
Forme de substitution :	NOT TO BE ALLOWED TO NOT TO BE SUPPOSED TO	You won't be allowed to smoke there. You're not supposed to cheat !
SOUHAIT	WOULD (LIKE TO) COULD COULD HAVE + participe passé	I would like to go out with him. If only I could stay. If only he could have stayed.
CONSEIL / SUGGESTION	SHOULD COULD MIGHT OUGHT (NOT) (TO)	You should tell him the truth. We could go to the movies. You might / could be more patient. You ought to listen to your parents.
REPROCHE / REGRET	SHOULD HAVE COULD HAVE + participe passé MIGHT HAVE	You should have told us about him. You could have studied harder ! He might have waited for me !
DANS LES QUESTIONS : PROPOSITIONS / OFFRES	SHALL + I, We WILL	Shall I help you? Will you have dinner with us?
REQUETES POLIES	WOULD COULD	Would you agree to play with us? Could you open the window?
ACCEPTATION	WILL WOULD	She will see you, I'm sure. I knew she would see you.
REFUS	WON'T WOULDN'T	No, I won't see anyone. I insisted, but she wouldn't help me.
ACTION REPETEE DANS LE PASSE	WOULD	We would go to the movies from time to time.

LES DEGRES DE PROBABILITE
Forte probabilité	MUST # CAN'T	He must be sixty. He can't be so old !
Forte probabilité (phrases affirmatives)	WILL	The bell is ringing, that will / would be John.
Comportement fort probable, tendance	WOULD	She would be about seventy when she died.
Probabilité atténuée	SHOULD	They should be home by now.
Probabilité moyenne, "neutre" (général) Incertitude, éventualité (spécifique) Forme de substitution :	CAN MAY ( NOT) TO BE LIKELY (TO)	What can she be doing? She can be sleeping. It may be sunny tomorrow. They're (un)likely to come.
Possibilité, avec nuance de doute	COULD	He could be lying, who knows?
Grande incertitude, doute	MIGHT	Take an umbrella, it might rain.